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Artificial Lighting at Night in Estuaries—Implications from Individuals to Ecosystems

Artificial lighting at night (ALAN) alters natural patterns of light and darkness by introducing light that varies in intensity and spectral composition during typically dark periods (Gaston et al. 2013). Use of, and technological advances in, electric lighting have rapidly expanded since the incandescent lightbulbs of the early 1900s; ALAN now generates levels of intensity visible in satellite imagery of the Earth’s surface at night. Life has evolved under dynamic environmental conditions, but changes to the daily and seasonal light regimes associated with ALAN present a truly novel ecological stressor.

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